What is the difference between nonspecific and specific immunity

The second line of defense against non-self pathogens is called adaptive immune response. Adaptive immunity is also referred to as acquired immunity or specific immunity and is only found in vertebrates. The adaptive immune response is specific to the pathogen presented. The adaptive immune response is meant to attack non-self pathogens but can sometimes make errors and attack itself. When this happens, autoimmune diseases can develop e. The hallmark of the adaptive immune system is clonal expansion of lymphocytes.

Clonal expansion is the rapid increase of T and B lymphocytes from one or a few cells to millions. Each clone that originates from the original T or B lymphocyte has the same antigen receptor as the original and fights the same pathogen. It should be considered that many parasites have several stages of development, the different antigenic composition according to which specific antibodies are formed.

When changing the stage, a parasite can for some time "escape" from antibody exposure, and it hinders the formation of the immune response. On the one hand, helminths render immunosuppressive effect, and, on the other hand, they have a complex life cycle. They often contribute to the stimulation of the synthesis of IgE with induction of atopic, immune complex reactions, cellular allergic reactions, and under certain circumstances can produce infiltrate at the site of infection, consisting of eosinophils, basophils and mast cells.

However, sometimes the parasitic worms can avoid detection by the immune system due to the layer of various antigens on the surface of the parasite, which hinders its elimination by the host. They are non-inheritance at birth, individual personal contacts of the subject with pathogenic agents, high specificity, and in some cases insufficient tension and short-term duration.

Adaptive immune system "is triggered after innate immunity is activated and in response to at least partial elimination of pathogens. Also, it develops after a few days, starting with days and more, as it is associated with proliferation and differentiation of cells.

According to the "danger" concept, the induction of Adaptive Immunity AI is based on the activation of dendritic cells with the production of cytokines and antigen recognition. As such, a dendritic cell captures an antigen, process it as a complex with MHC and delivers to the corresponding specific clone of T-lymphocytes.

Thus, Th1 is responsible for delayedtype hypersensitivity and defense against viruses. Th9 is responsible for antiparasitic immunity, and Th17 deals with autoimmune processes. A wide range of activating effects on adaptive immunity has been worked out. Secondly, it is 3 immunomodulators, capable nonspecifically stimulate different components of the immune system, 4 antivirals, interferons, interferon inducing agents 5 adjuvants, intensifying induced immune responses, 6 adsorbents to bind suppressor factors 7 metabolic, normalizing oxidation and antioxidant mechanisms, etc.

Indirect evidence of the unity of nonspecific and specific mechanisms in immunogenesis are the paradoxes of clinical immunology. They ensure the successful diagnosis of the immune disease using nonspecific immune methods for identifying populations, subpopulations of lymphocytes, immunoglobulins, phagocytosis, etc.

It is known that the presence of crossreacting antigens in microorganisms of various gener and species is a nonspecific mechanism of induction of specific immune response in the body. Thus, Afanasiev S. S [ 6 ] showed that the saprophytes, extracted from the intestine, mouth, conjunctiva of rabbit 6 E. These antigens are introduced to determine the formation of specific complete and incomplete antibodies against pathogens.

Also, common antigens were identified in Escherichia, Salmonella, and Shigella, Brucella, Proteus and in Provacheks rickettsia. Coli, 15 Staphylococci aureus strains, Streptococci , Diplococci, brucellosis, Klebsiella pneumonia, whooping cough, listeriosis, ozaena agents, rhinoscleroma. Altogether intact antibodies and 59 incomplete antibodies were identified. Thus, the presence of complete and incomplete antibodies against a wide range of pathogenic, potentially pathogenic, saprophytic microorganisms in the normal and specific immunoglobulins of animals and humans were documented, extending the applicability of serum products for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and others.

The accumulation of immunoglobulins A and M in the body and simultaneous antigen arrival nonspecifically stimulates an immune response to it. However, IgG has, in contrast, the ability to suppress the formation of specific antibodies under such conditions. It should be noted that products of catabolic processes in these proteins also have high biological activity. Thus, F ab 2 fragments of homologous IgG can nonspecifically enhance immunogenesis.

Degraded Fc fragment of the immunoglobulin of various classes increase migration and viability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, stimulate antigen presentation with accessory cells, contribute to T-helper cell activation, and enhance the immune response to thymicdependent antigen.

Nonspecific immune effect of the official human IgG preparation e. In model experiments on animals after induction of specific antibodies formed at the peak of their concentration temporary decline in activity in immunoglobulin Class M of heavy chain were documented with no reduction in blood serum concentrations at the expense of formation of the albumin factor in the liver.

Non-specific surveillance of antigen-binding capacity of antibodies was found. It ensured humoral immune response against infectious agents, mechanisms of self-purification of the body as well as the risk of induction of autoaggressive reactions [ 12 ].

When various microbial and somatic cells are destroyed during the process of infection, endogenous stimulants are released such as acute phase proteins, low molecular weight nucleic acids, etc.

These include factors of a polypeptide nature that are not immunoglobulins, synthesized by lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells, and cause a direct effect on the functional activity of immunocompetent cells without induction of a specific immune response. For example, IL-1 activates the proliferation of antigen-sensitized T-and B-lymphocytes, IL-2 enhances the functional activity of T-and B-lymphocytes, their subpopulations, NK cells, macrophages.

IL-3 is a growth factor for stem and early hematopoietic cell precursors, etc. The humoral immune response is mediated by B cells, producing specific antibodies to a particular pathogen.

In cell-mediated immune response, the cytotoxic T cells induce the lysis of infected cells. Both B cells and T cells produce cytokines during specific immune responses. Nonspecific immune response refers to the immediate protective response of the immune system which does not require a previous exposure to the antigen. It is the first line and the second line defense of the body. The first line defense is provided by the physical and chemical barriers, preventing the entrance of the pathogens into the body.

Physical barriers include the skin, mucus layers, and the natural flora. Saliva, tears, and the stomach acids are the chemical barriers which prevent the entrance of pathogens. Second line defense is shown in figure 2. Figure 2: Second Line Defense. The second line defense is the nonspecific immune response, which is initiated by the entry of a pathogen into a tissue.

Cells such as macrophages , natural killer cells , monocytes , neutrophils , mast cells, and dendritic cells serve as phagocytes , which destroy the pathogens inside tissues. Inflammation, fever, histamines, and complement proteins are the nonspecific immune responses of the second line defense of the body.

Tears and saliva are secretions that wash the cornea and mouth continuously. Many epithelial surfaces in the body contain cilia. These cilia beat rhythmically to transport matter out of the body respiratory epithelium. Saliva contains anti-bacterial properties due to lysozymes. Some epithelia produce mucus which also acts as a barrier against infections. If and when micro-organisms penetrate these defense systems they meet the lymphocytes , macrophages which phagocytose foreign matter non-specifically.

This may or may not lead to the generation of a specific immune response. When a foreign substance is phagocytozed by a macrophage, a white blood cell, or an antigen presenting cell, it gets processed inside the host cell. There are antigen binding receptors called major histocompatibility complexes MHC type 1 and 2. There is an enormous variation among antigen receptors in both T cells and B cells. CD4 T Lymphocytes get activated by this receptor cross-linkage, and they produce cytokines which promote proliferation of selected lymphocytes, the formation of new lymphocytes with selected receptor types, and activation of B cells to form antibodies.

These mechanisms culminate in the destruction of the foreign organisms phagocytozed previously. CD8 T lymphocytes get activated by receptor cross linkage and produce substances which are highly toxic to foreign microorganisms.

To be specific, specific immune response occurs in two separate occasions.